KAUNAS, Lithuania — A group of researchers from Lithuania, a country in the Baltic region of Europe, have developed a deep learning-based method that can predict the possible onset of Alzheimer’s disease from brain images with an accuracy of over 99 percent.
The findings of the research were published in the journal “Diagnostics.”
“One of the first signs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is mild cognitive impairment (MCI), in which there are small variants of brain changes among the intermediate stages,” states an abstract of the study.
“Although there has been an increase in research into the diagnosis of AD in its early levels of developments lately, brain changes, and their complexity for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), makes early detection of AD difficult.”
The method was developed while analyzing functional MRI images obtained from 138 subjects and performed better in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity than previously developed methods.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent cause of dementia, contributing to up to 70 percent of dementia cases, as per World Health Organization.
Worldwide, approximately 24 million people are affected, and this number is expected to double every 20 years. Owing to societal aging, the disease will become a costly public health burden in the years to come.
“Medical professionals all over the world attempt to raise awareness of an early Alzheimer’s diagnosis, which provides the affected with a better chance of benefiting from treatment,” said Rytis Maskeliunas, a researcher at the Department of Multimedia Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology.
“This was one of the most important issues for choosing a topic for Modupe Odusami, a Ph.D. student from Nigeria.”
The study was Odusami’s research. Maskeliunas is Odusami’s research guide.
Image processing is delegated to the machine.
One of the possible Alzheimer’s first signs is mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and dementia.
Based on the previous research, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can identify the regions in the brain that can be associated with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, said Maskeliunas.
The earliest stages of MCI often have almost no apparent symptoms, but in quite a few cases can be detected by neuroimaging.
However, although theoretically possible, manual analyzing of fMRI images attempting to identify the changes associated with Alzheimer’s not only requires specific knowledge but is also time-consuming — the application of Deep Learning and other AI methods can speed this up by a significant time margin.
Finding MCI features does not necessarily mean the presence of illness, as it can also be a symptom of other related diseases, but it is more of an indicator and possible helper to steer toward an evaluation by a medical professional.
“Modern signal processing allows delegating the image processing to the machine, which can complete it faster and accurately enough. Of course, we don’t dare to suggest that a medical professional should ever rely on any algorithm one-hundred-percent,” said Maskeliunas.
“Think of a machine as a robot capable of doing the most tedious task of sorting the data and searching for features. In this scenario, after the computer algorithm selects potentially affected cases, the specialist can look into them more closely, and at the end, everybody benefits as the diagnosis and the treatment reaches the patient much faster.”
We need to make the most of the data.
The deep learning-based model was developed as a fruitful collaboration of leading Lithuanian researchers in the Artificial Intelligence sector, using a modification of well-known fine-tuned ResNet 18 (residual neural network) to classify functional MRI images obtained from 138 subjects.
The images fell into six different categories: from healthy through the specter of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease.
In total, 51,443 and 27,310 images from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative fMRI dataset were selected for training and validation.
The model was able to effectively find the MCI features in the given dataset, achieving the best classification accuracy of 99.99 percent, 99.95 percent, and 99.95 percent for early MCI versus AD, late MCI versus AD, and MCI versus early MCI, respectively.
“Although this was not the first attempt to diagnose the early onset of Alzheimer’s from similar data, our main breakthrough is the accuracy of the algorithm. Obviously, such high numbers are not indicators of true, real-life performance, but we’re working with medical institutions to get more data,” said Maskeliunas.
He said the algorithm could be developed into software to analyze the collected data from vulnerable groups (those over 65, having a history of brain injury, high blood pressure, etc.) and notify the medical personnel about the anomalies related to the early onset of Alzheimer’s.
“We need to make the most of data. That’s why our research group focuses on the European open science principle, so anyone can use our knowledge and develop it further. I believe that this principle contributes greatly to societal advancement,” said Maskeliunas.
The chief researcher, whose main area is focusing on the application of modern methods of artificial intelligence on signal processing and multimodal interfaces, said that the above-described model can be integrated into a more complex system, analyzing several different parameters, for example, also monitoring eye movements’ tracking, face reading, voice analyzing, etc.
Such technology could then be used for self-check and alert to seek professional advice if anything is causing concern.
“Technologies can make medicine more accessible and cheaper. Although they will never (or at least not soon) truly replace the medical professional, technologies can encourage seeking timely diagnosis and help,” said Maskeliunas.
(With inputs from ANI)
Edited by Saptak Datta and Praveen Pramod Tewari
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